False perspectives on human language: Why statistics needs linguistics

ANPV and ANPS reflect syntactic complexity and semantic richness respectively in clauses and sentences. Compared to measurements using purely syntactic components, such measurements focusing on semantic roles can better indicate substantial changes in information quantity. These indices are intended to detect information gaps resulting from syntactic subsumption, which often takes the form of either an increase in number of semantic roles or an increase in the length of a single semantic role. Firstly, typical RTE tasks determine whether there is an entailment relationship between T and H, but the textual entailment analysis employed in this study attempts to measure the distance or similarity between T and H when they form a determined entailment relationship.

For verbs, the analysis is mainly focused on their semantic subsumption since they are the roots of argument structures. For other semantic roles like locations and manners, the entailment analysis is mainly focused on their role in creating syntactic subsumption. The World Health Organization’s Vaccine Confidence Project uses sentiment analysis as part of its research, looking at social media, news, blogs, Wikipedia, and semantics analysis other online platforms. Well, suppose that actually, “reform” wasn’t really a salient topic across our articles, and the majority of the articles fit in far more comfortably in the “foreign policy” and “elections”. An alternative is that maybe all three numbers are actually quite low and we actually should have had four or more topics — we find out later that a lot of our articles were actually concerned with economics!

All PD patients vs. all HCs

First, the values of ANPV and ANPS of agents (A0) in CT are significantly higher than those in ES, suggesting that Chinese argument structures and sentences usually contain more agents. This could serve as evidence for translation explicitation, in which the translator adds the originally omitted sentence subject to the translation and make the subject-verb relationship explicit. On the other hand, all the syntactic subsumption features (ANPV, ANPS, and ARL) for A1 and A2 in CT are significantly lower in value than those in ES. Consequently, these two roles are found to be shorter and less frequent in both argument structures and sentences in CT, which is in line with the above-assumed “unpacking” process. Secondly, since the analysis of textual entailment involves a comparison between English and Chinese texts, multilingual semantic resources are needed.

• Moreover, our approach outperformed classifiers based on corpus-derived word embeddings.
• Again, while corpora of millions or billions of lines of text are necessary to train more universal text recognition machine learning models, their efficiency can often be measured in hours or days10.
• For purposes of consistency, and to distinguish from previous terminology, new symbols will be used for the components necessary for these comparisons.
• After training, the Word2Vec neural network produces vectors for terms but not tweets.
• Regarding the field factors to transitivity shifts, it can be seen from the statistics where there was a change of the field of activity, there was a process shift in translation because when the field is shifted, the process also tends to be transformed to play different functions accordingly.

Ancient Chinese poetry and prose (ACPP) embody the profound and ancient culture and wisdom of the Chinese nation, representing the knowledge and rational thoughts developed over several millennia. Quoting ACPP in their political addresses has been a long tradition for Chinese presidents. When it comes to cultural outreach, one of the prominent features of Xi’s book is the frequent quotation of ACPP. These citations, from the Hundred Schools of Thought to the Confucian classics, help interpret major concepts and critical ideas proposed by President Xi, incorporating impressions on the original readers, resonanating with many. However, concerning the translation of much ACPP in Governance, how to render literary texts in political texts is still a challenge, in the absence of much research.

Tokenising and vectorising text data

Concluding remarks and charting out possible future directions are given in the “Conclusion and discussion” section. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the potential of semantic network analysis in economic research and underscores the need for a multidimensional approach to economic analysis. This study contributes to consumer confidence and news literature by illustrating the benefits of adopting a big data approach to describe current economic conditions and better predict a household’s future economic activity. The methodology in this article uses a new indicator of semantic importance applied to economic-related keywords, which promises to offer a complementary approach to estimating consumer confidence, lessening the limitations of traditional survey-based methods. The potential benefits of utilizing text mining of online news for market prediction are undeniable, and further research and development in this area will undoubtedly yield exciting results.

Since Transformer network was proposed, the high parallelism of multi-head attention mechanism can learn relevant information in different subspaces and it is designed into a deeper network structure to acquire stronger semantic representation ability22. The BERT pre-training language model based on Transformer unit has reached the leading level in many natural language processing tasks due to its excellent semantic representation and transfer generalization ability23,24. It is unnecessary for specific tasks to rebuild network structure and basic neural network can be directly designed in the last layer of BERT. Deep transfer learning in the natural language processing is widely utilized in the product design. Wang et al.25 explored a method for smart customization service based on configurators. The ELMo was adopted to encode the review text and the mapping between customer requirements and product specifications was built by a multi-task learning-based neural network.

They may be able to persuade Europeans sceptical of membership that letting Ukraine in is the price for peace. The data confirm the existence of a mostly pro-membership camp that includes ‘hawkish’ countries such as Estonia, Poland, Portugal, and Sweden, but also Swing states such as the Netherlands and Spain. At the same time, those unconvinced by Ukraine’s membership bid include ‘dovish’ Bulgaria as well as the Swing states of the Czech Republic and Germany. For example, the divide in the Czech Republic mostly mirrors the split between the major political parties.

Companies use sentiment analysis to evaluate customer messages, call center interactions, online reviews, social media posts, and other content. Sentiment analysis can track changes in attitudes towards companies, products, or services, or individual features of those products or services. Finally, we used a part-of-speech-tagger to find all verbs in each text set52, and computed the occurrence frequency of each original verb in each retelling. When a verb from a retelling did not correspond to any original verb, its occurrence frequency was estimated as the distance to the closest original verb via cosine similarity. Then, an occurrence matrix was derived from these vector representations in each retelling document. The cardinality of this matrix was m × v, where m is the number of documents and n is the number of original verbs.

TDWI Training & Research Business Intelligence, Analytics, Big Data, Data Warehousing

A universal semantic layer is implemented as a dedicated layer between data sources and all BI tools. Irrespective of the BI tool users choose, the universal semantic layer allows them to work with the same semantics and underlying data layer, leading to insights and reports that are consistent and trusted. With clear advantages over the fragmented implementation earlier, a universal semantic layer has gained center stage by delivering multiple benefits.

Each circle represents a country, with the font inside it representing the corresponding country’s abbreviation (see details in Supplementary Information Tab.S3). The size of a circle corresponds to the average event selection similarity between the media of a specific country and the media of all other countries. The blue dotted line’s ordinate represents the median similarity to Ukrainian media. Constructing evaluation dimensions using antonym pairs in Semantic Differential is a reliable idea that aligns with how people generally evaluate things.

In fact, an exploratory analysis has demonstrated connectivity differences during earlier time windows. Even during the selected time windows, areas showing a difference in activity were not necessarily those involved in connectivity differences between conditions. An interesting future study would be to investigate the interaction between local measures of activation and connectivity. However, it is very well possible that some connections have faster information flow than others, therefore requiring a smaller time lag when assessing their connectivity. You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. Knowing the optimal model order for each connection could indicate a difference in the speed of information transfer for particular routes in the network and might be able to explain the faster reaction time and retrieval of concrete words.

Embedding Model

Therefore, examining the meaning patterns of the NP in the construction identified in this study, we found that these meaning patterns, except for “internal traits”, are actually of some degree of high accessibility. Although lexical items denoting “internal traits” are not of high accessibility (because their meanings are comparatively more abstract than those of other meaning patterns), their meanings are by and large of high informativity. Admittedly, the high informativity of the meaning pattern of “internal traits” is also determined by the context. Secondly, the principle of linguistic meaning conservation is employed to explain the findings uncovered in this researchFootnote 7. Finally, relevant theories in Construction grammar are further elaborated by means of drawing on features from the NP de VP construction. In relation to word classes of the VP in the NP de VP construction, there are generally two theoretical hypotheses.

ADM is also characteristic of acute and chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory conditions that can predispose to cancer13. The next stage in cancer evolution is the development of low-grade dysplasia, also referred to as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs 1 and 2). Low-grade dysplasia is a pre-invasive neoplasia that can evolve to high-grade dysplasia (PanIN 3) and then progress to invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)14.

The application of transitivity in translation

Therefore, this initial set of observations shows that similarity matters in semantic change, but it does not tease apart the difference in predictive power of the similarity model and the analogy model. Extending these previous studies, we analyze a large database of historical semantic shifts recorded by linguists that include thousands of meaning change in the form of source-target meaning pairs. To characterize regularity of semantic change in a multifaceted way, we consider two levels of analysis to explore the two aspects of regularity that we described (see Figures 1A, B for illustration). The former refers to the rules, conventions, and strategies ChatGPT App that the media follow in the production, dissemination, and reception of information, reflecting the media’s organizational structure, commercial interests, and socio-cultural background (Altheide, 2015). The latter refers to the systematic analysis of the quality, effectiveness, and impact of news reports, involving multiple criteria and dimensions such as truthfulness, accuracy, fairness, balance, objectivity, diversity, etc. When studying media bias issues, media logic provides a framework for understanding the rules and patterns of media operations, while news evaluation helps identify and analyze potential biases in media reports.

However, prior to our connectivity analysis, we identified our regions of interest (ROIs) across the cerebral cortex. Direct tests of the effect of task type on semantic priming using ERPs have also been examined. For example, Bentin and Kutas40 examined auditory ERPs with words and nonwords using two tasks, one where participants were asked to memorize the words and the other where they counted the nonwords. Their results showed that in a 300–900 ms window, the Cz electrode displayed a semantic priming effect of 1.9 µV in the lexical decision task but only 0.7 µV in the nonword counting task. Further analyses showed the semantic priming effect was significant in the memorize but not nonword counting experiment. One problem when interpreting these results is that there may be too much noise in the data to find significant correlations.

In the second unseen testing dataset consisting of 25 IF/H&E image pairs, the pan-keratin immunostain labels both metaplasia and dysplasia, restricting the disease features that can be segmented. This allows for deeper and more nuanced quantification of disease progression than can be achieved by immunostaining alone. Across a whole section of unseen test tissue, it can be observed that each predicted feature corresponds with the correct morphology. (a) Model Predictions closely align with the manually annotated ground truth regions that was used for training. (b) Close inspection of the ducts shows consistent discrepancies regarding the lumen and split histologic features within single ducts. Manual annotations were made by circling whole ducts, but the models’ predictions are actually more reflective of biology, wherein, stain does not mark for the lumen.

• Findings in this research, with respect to meaning patterns that lexical items in the VP slot of the NP de VP construction most probably denote, are partially in accordance with those uncovered by Zhan (1998).
• Asian countries, especially, are linguistically different from countries on other continents.
• In EEG connectivity studies, spurious connectivity can occur due to the spatial spread (resulting from volume conduction) during which signals coming from different neural sources are mixed before reaching the scalp surface.
• (8)–(11), the generalization ability of the ILDA model is stronger when the Perplexity is smaller.

Chatbots help customers immensely as they facilitate shipping, answer queries, and also offer personalized guidance and input on how to proceed further. Moreover, some chatbots are equipped with emotional intelligence that ChatGPT recognizes the tone of the language and hidden sentiments, framing emotionally-relevant responses to them. For example, ‘Raspberry Pi’ can refer to a fruit, a single-board computer, or even a company (UK-based foundation).

“Method” section illustrates the customer requirements classification based on BERT and customer requirements mining based on ILDA. Despite all data coming from internal sources, steps were taken to better ensure and test the generalizability of models. Each sample of H&E and IF were collected and stained on different days over the course of several month, and samples were taken at different stages of disease progression.

In trying to explain and understand the result, we have to break down the list, merge by concept and class, and test possible explanations, discussed in Section 2.1. All different lexical meanings in the etyma allow an estimation of these probabilities at hidden nodes and roots of etymological trees. The dataset contains precursors (i.e., earlier states of languages), indicating that we sometimes may record an original meaning change of a lexeme in an etymon. However, the probability that an unknown node had a meaning M in an etymon is estimated from the proportion of attested languages with the meaning M. The probability of losing M is reflected in the number of changes to other meanings than M, where the expected original meaning was M, relative to the number of retentions of the meaning M.